Thyroid Thoughts

Giunti M, Troia R, Battilani M, et al. J Vet Sci 2017;18:471-477. Critical illness can be associated with transient alterations in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, indicating the presence of non-thyroidal illness (NTI). NTI is well described in humans, but there … Read More

Regier PJ, McCarthy TC, Monnet E. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1444-1448. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of bilateral ventriculocordectomy via ventral laryngotomy on laryngeal airway resistance (LAR) in canine cadaver larynges. SAMPLE 6 clinically normal canine cadaver larynges. PROCEDURES LAR … Read More

Hare JE, Morrow CMK, Caldwell J, et al. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017. The safety of synthetic levothyroxine sodium tablets (Thyro-Tabs(R) Canine; LLOYD, Inc.) in dogs was evaluated in a randomized, sham-dose controlled, parallel-group study. Young, healthy, euthyroid Beagle dogs … Read More

McLean JL, Lobetti RG, Mooney CT, et al. J Feline Med Surg 2017;19:1103-1109. Objectives Hyperthyroidism is a disorder of older cats that may have a geographical variation in prevalence. Prevalence studies have not yet been performed in South Africa, a … Read More

Laprais AF, Bizikova P, Lashnits EW, et al. Vet Dermatol 2017;28:503-e119. BACKGROUND: In humans, scleromyxoedema is a chronic progressive skin condition traditionally characterized by deposits of mucin, increased number of fibroblasts and fibrosis in the skin, and by systemic disease. … Read More

Beck J, Miller MA, Frank C, et al. Vet Pathol 2017;54:767-774. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a specific and sensitive marker for canine pulmonary tumors but is also expressed in thyroid carcinomas, which commonly metastasize to lung. Napsin A and … Read More

Golynski M, Lutnicki K, Krumrych W, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2017;31:1403-1405. BACKGROUND: Both elevated homocysteine and decreased folic acid concentrations are observed in human patients with hypothyroidism and can influence the development of numerous secondary disorders. OBJECTIVES: The … Read More

Wouda RM, Hocker SE, Higginbotham ML. Vet Comp Oncol 2017. Combining conventional cytotoxic maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy with low-dose metronomic and/or anti-angiogenic agents is a exciting area of oncologic research. The objective of this study was to establish the … Read More

Cardinali L, Troisi A, Verstegen JP, et al. Theriogenology 2017;97:154-158. Pregnancy and lactation represent critical periods of canine reproductive life and different hormones are required to maintain homeostasis and the correct energy requirements. The aim of this study was to … Read More

Morre WA, Panciera DL, Daniel GB, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017;250:1427-1431. CASE DESCRIPTION A 7-year-old castrated male Havanese was evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital because of a 12-week history of hyperactivity, aggression, and progressive weight loss … Read More

Heishima K, Ichikawa Y, Yoshida K, et al. Sci Rep 2017;7:2301. Circulating microRNAs in the blood may provide diagnostic and prognostic information about canine neoplastic diseases, and their profiles may be conserved between human and canine species. We performed RT-qPCR … Read More

Amores-Fuster I, Cripps P, Blackwood L. Vet Comp Oncol 2017;15:247-251. Hypothyroidism is a common adverse event after head and neck radiotherapy in human medicine, but uncommonly reported in canine patients. Records of 21 dogs with histologically or cytologically confirmed thyroid … Read More

Mogheiseh A, Vara N, Ayaseh M, et al. Top Companion Anim Med 2017;32:13-15. In this study, the concentration of prolactin, FT4, and semen quality were investigated in 5 clinically healthy fertile mixed-breed dogs (1-3 years old) treated with cabergoline (5mug/kg) … Read More

Plassais J, Rimbault M, Williams FJ, et al. PLoS Genet 2017;13:e1006661. Domestic dog breeds display significant diversity in both body mass and skeletal size, resulting from intensive selective pressure during the formation and maintenance of modern breeds. While previous studies … Read More

Dear JD, Kass PH, Della Maggiore AM, et al. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2017;31:349-354. Background Development of hypocalcemia after treatment of hyperparathyroidism results in increased costs and risk of poorer outcomes. Previous studies have shown conflicting data about predictors … Read More

Bertolini G, Drigo M, Angeloni L, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2017;58:304-314. Thyroid nodules are common in dogs and are increasingly likely to be detected with the increased use of advanced imaging modalities. An unsuspected, nonpalpable, asymptomatic lesion, defined … Read More

Devine EE, Hoffman MR, McCulloch TM, et al. Laryngoscope 2017;127:396-404. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Type II thyroplasty is an alternative treatment for spasmodic dysphonia, addressing hyperadduction by incising and lateralizing the thyroid cartilage. We quantified the effect of lateralization width on phonatory physiology … Read More

Thuroczy J, Szilagyi J, Muller L, et al. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017;58:14-18. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in pregnant and nonpregnant bitches were measured. The allantoic and amniotic fluid samples were collected separately in the third week of pregnancy, … Read More

Polzin D. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. INTRODUCTION “Renal diets” have been considered to be “standard therapy” for managing cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for many years.1 These diets continue to be recommended by … Read More

Selting K. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. INTRODUCTION The use of radioactive iodine to treat hyperthyroid cats has become common over the past 20 years. Administration is minimally invasive, the therapy spares the parathyroid glands, … Read More

Selting K. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. INTRODUCTION While some diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radioisotopes have become germane to routine specialty practice, such as technetium-based scintigraphy and radioiodine therapy, a rapidly expanding armamentarium of … Read More

Ziglioli V, Panciera D, Monroe E, et al.  in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. Many dogs are misdiagnosed with hypothyroidism because of the vague presenting signs and limitations of thyroid function tests, leading to inappropriate treatment … Read More

Scherk M. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. INTRODUCTION Since the 1950s, dietary therapy has been the cornerstone for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in dogs and cats. It continues to be the most … Read More

Davidson LJ. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. INTRODUCTION Observations that certain endocrine diseases occur more commonly in certain breeds of dog and cat have long suggested that genetic predispositions to disease exist. Examples of this … Read More

Syme H. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy of middle-aged and older cats. Although it was not recognised as a clinical entity until the late 1970s it is now very … Read More

Alcher K, Cullen JM, Seiler G, et al. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016.

Volckaert V, Vandermeulen E, Daminet S, et al. VLAAMS DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJDSCHRIFT 2016;85:255-264. In the first part of this review article, thyroid anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology are reviewed to continue more speci cally on hyperthyroidism, the most common thyroid disorder in … Read More

Ryan MJ. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric felines. Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for normal development of the nervous and skeletal systems. The … Read More

Volckaert V, Vandermeulen E, Daminet S, et al. VLAAMS DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJDSCHRIFT 2016;85:255-264. In the first part of this review article, thyroid anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology are reviewed to continue more speci cally on hyperthyroidism, the most common thyroid disorder in … Read More

Nataraju GJ, Ranvir RK, Kothule VR, et al.  Exp Toxicol Pathol 2016;68:1-13. A retrospective analysis was undertaken at Zydus Research Centre to understand the incidences of spontaneous lesions in endocrine glands of Wistar rats and beagle dogs. The data from … Read More

Castillo V, Pessina P, Hall P, et al. Open Vet J 2016;6:6-14. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of isotretinoin 9-cis (RA9-cis) as a post-surgery treatment of thyroid carcinoma to a traditional treatment (doxorubicin) and … Read More

Kido N, Itagaki I, Ono K, et al. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015;46:889-894. The clinical and histologic features of thyroid carcinoma in raccoon dogs have not been previously reported. Three of four raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) over 8 … Read More

Major S, Pettigrew RW, Fyfe JC.  J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:1534-1540. BACKGROUND: A case of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) in a juvenile French bulldog was identified and hypothesized to be caused by dyshormonogenesis of genetic etiology. OBJECTIVES: To describe … Read More

Hoffman MR, Glab R, Gunderson M, et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;153:79-87. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESES: We evaluated the effects of vocal fold reconstruction using a composite thyroid ala perichondrium flap (CTAP) after unilateral vocal fold stripping in beagles. We hypothesized that … Read More

Zygner W, Gojska-Zygner O, Baska P, et al. Vet Parasitol 2015;211:23-27. Low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome, also named euthyroid sick syndrome or non-thyroidal illness syndrome, has been recognized in canine babesiosis caused by Babesia rossi, where it manifested by lowering of … Read More

Scruggs JL, Nobrega-Lee M, Fry MM, et al. Vet Clin Pathol 2015;44:249-252. A 9.5-year-old, male castrated Walker Hound was presented for evaluation of progressive weakness, anorexia, and weight loss. Imaging revealed multiple abdominal and thoracic masses and ascites; fine-needle aspirates … Read More

Randolph JF, Lamb SV, Cheraskin JL, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:877-881. OBJECTIVE: To determine if concentrations of free thyroxine (FT4) measured by semi-automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) correspond to FT4 determined by equilibrium dialysis (ED) in hypothyroid dogs positive … Read More

Peterson ME, Guterl JN, Nichols R, et al. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2015;29:1327-1334. Background In humans, measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is commonly used as a first-line discriminatory test of thyroid function. Recent reports indicate that canine … Read More

Louvet A, Duconseille A-C. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2015;56:286-295. Early detection of liver metastases may improve the prognosis for successful treatment in dogs with primary tumors. Hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents have been shown to allow an increase in magnetic resonance imaging … Read More

Lee G, Jeon S, Lee S-K, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2015;56:549-553. Thyroid disease is common in dogs and conventional ultrasonography is a standard diagnostic test for diagnosis and treatment planning. Strain elastography can provide additional information about tissue … Read More

Kobayashi R, Yamada N, Kitamori T, et al. J Vet Med Sci 2014;76:1161-1164. A dog developed a cervical mass, and computed tomography verified a mass surrounding the trachea with some pulmonary masses. Histopathologically, the cervical mass was composed of malignant … Read More

Utsugi S, Saito M, Shelton GD. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014;50:345-349. An 8 yr old male golden retriever was evaluated because of chronic, progressive, multiple neurologic signs. Physical examination showed marked obesity and facial swelling with a “tragic facial … Read More

Pashmakova MB, Bishop MA, Steiner JM, et al. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014;24:264-271. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis have derangements in serum thyroid hormone concentrations and to evaluate whether … Read More

Rasmussen SH, Andersen HH, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Vet Clin Pathol 2014;43:1-3.  

Pineyro P, Vieson MD, Ramos-Vara JA, et al. J Vet Sci 2014;15:449-453. This report describes the gross, histological, and immunohistochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) with pulmonary metastases in a young dog. Sheets of pleomorphic cells supported by fibrous … Read More

Krogh AK, Legind P, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, et al. Acta Vet Scand 2014;56:11. BACKGROUND: Sled dogs performing endurance races have been reported to have a high incidence of gastric erosions or ulcerations and an increased risk of gastro intestinal bleeding leading … Read More

Yavropoulou MP, Kotsa K, Pikilidou M, et al. J Neuroendocrinol 2014;26:11-17. Somatostatin (SST) is an inhibitory hormone that regulates numerous biological processes and circulates in two bioactive isoforms: SST-14 and SST-28. SST-14 is the predominant form in the hypothalamus and … Read More

Bertazzolo W. Cytological Examination of the Endocrine Glands In: Dunn J, ed. Manual of Diagnostic Cytology of the Dog and Cat. First ed. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2014;195-212. Cytological examination of endocrine tissues in dogs and cats is … Read More

Chow B, French A Journal of Small Animal Practice 2014;55:278-282. A six-year-old female spayed mixed-breed dog was referred following a 3-week history of lameness and progressive neurological deficits in both hindlimbs, and a 1-week history of a cardiac arrhythmia. The … Read More

Campos M. Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals: Ghent University, Belgium, 2014;242. Thyroid cancer represents 1.2-3.8% of all neoplasms in the dog.1 The Beagle,Golden Retriever and Boxer are predisposed breeds, there is no gender predilection and dogs over 7 … Read More

Daniel GB, Neelis DA. Semin Nucl Med 2014;44:24-34. Thyroid scintigraphy is performed in cats and dogs and has been used to a limited degree in other species such as the horse. Thyroid scintigraphy is most commonly used to aid in … Read More

Lynch KC, Odintsov BM, O’Brien RT. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Radiology 2013;34. Introduction/Purpose: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging is widely utilized in veterinary medicine to critically evaluate soft tissue structures in disease states. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMRS) … Read More

Rossi F, Caleri E, Bacci B, et al. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013;54:575-581. Eight dogs with a firm, nonpainful swelling in the ventral laryngeal region and with a final diagnosis of ectopic thyroid carcinoma were investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) at … Read More

Broome MR, Peterson ME. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2013;686. Hyperthyroidism develops in cats secondary to 1 or more autonomously functional thyroid adenomas. The progressive thy- rotoxicosis that ensues causes the chronic suppression of endoge- nous … Read More

Zeugswetter FK, Vogelsinger K, Handl S. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2013;155:149-152. Two female spayed dogs belonging to the same owner were admitted for further examinations because of clinical signs and laboratory values compatible with hyperthyroidism. Sonography of the ventral aspect of … Read More

Taeymans O, Penninck DG, Peters RM. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2013;54:61-70. This study compares clinical, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and pathology findings in 16 prospectively, and seven retrospectively recruited dogs presented for suspected thyroid carcinoma. Of … Read More

Dodgson SE, Day R, Fyfe JC. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:1350-1357. BACKGROUND: A cluster of cases of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) in Tenterfield Terriers was identified and hypothesized to be dyshormonogenesis of genetic etiology with autosomal recessive inheritance. OBJECTIVES: … Read More

Bergman PJ. Top Companion Anim Med 2012;27:156-158. Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are neoplasm-associated alterations in bodily structure or function or both that occur distant to the tumor. They are an extremely diverse group of clinical aberrations that are associated with the … Read More

Meij BP, Voorhout G, Gerritsen RJ, et al. J Comp Pathol 2012;147:503-507. An 8-year-old male German longhaired pointer was referred for diabetes insipidus responsive to treatment with desmopressin. The dog had polyuria and polydipsia, exercise intolerance and a dull hair … Read More

Bohannon LK, Pollard RE, Feldman EC. American College of Veterinary Radiologists 2012:74. Introduction/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical thyroid nodules in dogs that undergo cervical ultrasound as a diagnostic procedure for the assessment … Read More

Broome MR, Peterson ME.  in Conference Proceedings. New York State Veterinary Conference 2012;3. In humans, thyroid nodules are common, occurring in over half of individuals over 50 years of age. Over 95% of these  thyroid nodules are benign, small to … Read More

London C, Mathie T, Stingle N, et al. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 2012;10:194-205. The purpose of this study was to provide an initial assessment of the potential biologic activity of toceranib phosphate (Palladia(R), Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA) in … Read More

Otero T, Archer J, Billings H, et al. Proceedings of the European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine—Companion Animals Congress 2002;173. Feline hyperthyroidism can be difficult to diagnose. Sensitive TSH assays are used to diagnose this condition in humans. The aim … Read More

Pessina P, Castillo V, Araujo M, et al. Research in veterinary science 2012;93:108-113. Thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyroid specific transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), paired box 8 transcription factor (PAX-8), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and estrogen receptor alpha … Read More

Metzger FL, Rebar AH. The Veterinary clinics of North America Small animal practice 2012;42:615-629, v. Routine monitoring of clinicopathologic data is a critical component in the management of older patients because blood and urine testing allows the veterinarian to monitor … Read More

Kuczynski LA, Schwartz P, Peddle G, et al. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2012;48:278-283. At approximately 4-5 mo of age, three Polish Lowland sheepdog puppies from a single litter of eight puppies presented to their respective primary veterinarians … Read More

Ochiai H, Morishita T, Onda K, et al. J Vet Med Sci 2012. A full-length cDNA sequence of canine L-type amino acid transporter 1 (Lat1) was determined from a canine brain. The sequence was 1,828 bp long and was predicted … Read More

Luis Fuentes V. Journal of feline medicine and surgery 2012;14:459-470. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Feline arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a common but devastating complication of myocardial disease, often necessitating euthanasia. A combination of endothelial dysfunction and blood stasis in the left atrium … Read More

Scott-Moncrieff JC. The Veterinary clinics of North America Small animal practice 2012;42:707-725, vi-vii. The effects of age, concurrent illness, and administered medications complicate diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in geriatric patients. Interpretation of thyroid hormone testing should take these factors into … Read More

Leach TN, Childress MO, Greene SN, et al. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 2012;10:102-112. The purpose of this study was to assess the toxicoses and antitumor activity of metronomic chlorambucil at a dosage of 4 mg m(-2) daily in dogs with … Read More

Gal A, Raetzman LT, Singh K.  Can Vet J 2012;53:659-664. This report describes the histomorphological changes of central hypothyroidism (pituitary dependent) in several target organs of thyroid hormones of a Portuguese water dog, and contrasts those with the reported features … Read More

Radosta LA, Shofer FS, Reisner IR. Veterinary journal 2012;192:472-475. A cross-sectional study was performed in order to examine the association between canine aggression to familiar people and serum concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroxine autoantibodies (T4AA), total … Read More

Urie BK, Russell DS, Kisseberth WC, et al. BMC Vet Res 2012;8:67. ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) has a reported objective response rate of 25% in both canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) and thyroid carcinoma (TC), with stable … Read More

Villalon CM, Galicia-Carreon J, Gonzalez-Hernandez A, et al.  Eur J Pharmacol 2012;683:204-210. During a migraine attack capsaicin-sensitive trigeminal sensory nerves release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), producing cranial vasodilatation and central nociception; hence, trigeminal inhibition may prevent this vasodilatation and abort … Read More

Gestier S, Cook RW, Agnew W, et al.  Journal of comparative pathology 2012;146:327-331. An 11-month-old neutered female weimaraner was humanely destroyed 6 days after an acute onset of neurological signs. At necropsy examination the pituitary gland was replaced by a … Read More

Williams TL, Elliott J, Syme H. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2012;752-754. IH is reported to increase the incidence of azotemia in hyperthyroid cats following treatment. IH is also associated with a decreased heart rate (HR), … Read More

Daniel G. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2012;700-702. Scintigraphic studies are used in veterinary medicine to image thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreatic diseases. By far, the most common of these studies is thyroid scintigraphy. Thyroid scintigraphy … Read More

James J, Ruggeri B, Armstrong RC, et al. Molecular cancer therapeutics 2012;11:930-941. Mutations in the BRAF gene have been identified in approximately 7% of cancers, including 60% to 70% of melanomas, 29% to 83% of papillary thyroid carcinomas, 4% to … Read More

Baird-Heinz HE, Van Schoick AL, Pelsor FR, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240:705-715. Objective-To critically evaluate and summarize available information on the safety of potassium bromide in dogs. Design-Systematic review. Sample-111 references reporting safety information relevant to potassium … Read More

Roth DR, Perentes E.  Exp Toxicol Pathol 2012;64:243-245. Microscopic examination of the heart of a clinically normal 14-month-old female Beagle dog revealed the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the heart, around the aorta, and intracardially at … Read More

Kohler B, Stengel C, Neiger R. J Small Anim Pract 2012;53:182-184. Objectives: Evaluation of dogs with elevated plasma thyroxine concentration fed raw food before and after changing the diet. Method: Between 2006 and 2011 all dogs presented with an elevated … Read More

Panciera DL, Purswell BJ, Kolster KA, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:326-333. BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism has detrimental effects on reproduction in females of many species. Studies of hypothyroidism in bitches are limited and results conflicting. HYPOTHESIS: Hypothyroidism interferes with reproductive … Read More

Proverbio D, Spada E, Perego R, et al. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012;48:132-138. This report describes multiple endocrine neoplasia in a dog, which is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by the presence of two or more neoplasms of different … Read More

Kang MH, Kim DY, Park HM. Can Vet J 2012;53:177-181. A 12-year-old intact female shih tzu dog was diagnosed with an ectopic thyroid carcinoma infiltrating the right atrium of the heart. Echocardiography and computed tomography were helpful in diagnosis; a … Read More

Urie BK. Evaluation of Expression and Function of Vegfr2, Pdgfrα, Pdgfrβ, Kit, and Ret in Canine Apocrine Gland of the Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma and Thyroid Carcinoma. Graduate Program in Comparative and Veterinary Medicine. The Ohio State University, 2012;84. Biological responses … Read More

Lowrie M, De Risio L, Dennis R, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2012;53:381-388. Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage is bleeding originating from the brain or surrounding structures. It results from blood vessel rupture and may be primary or secondary in origin. … Read More

Lowrie M, De Risio L, Dennis R, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2012;53:381-388. Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage is bleeding originating from the brain or surrounding structures. It results from blood vessel rupture and may be primary or secondary in origin. … Read More

Mooney CT, Peterson ME. Feline Hyperthyroidism In: Mooney CT,Peterson ME, eds. Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed, 2012;92.

Sasaki N, Kudo N, Nakamura K, et al. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012;38:109-118. Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction has succeeded in delivering drugs and genes. This study was designed to explore characteristics of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction using short-pulsed diagnostic ultrasound. Canine … Read More

Piechotta M, Raila J, Rick M, et al. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2012;41:110-113. Background Hypothyroidism in dogs is often difficult to diagnose owing to nonspecific clinical signs and laboratory test results that can be mimicked by nonthyroidal illness (NTI). Thyroxine (T4) … Read More

London CA, Bear MD, McCleese J, et al. PloS one 2011/11;6:e27018. BACKGROUND: The novel water soluble compound STA-1474 is metabolized to ganetespib (formerly STA-9090), a potent HSP90 inhibitor previously shown to kill canine tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit … Read More

Jaillardon L, Martin L, Nguyen P, et al. Vet J 2011;190:e95-99. Circulating insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in dogs have been correlated with standard breed bodyweight (SBBW or breed size). Thyroid and somatotropic functions, which have common effects … Read More

Nadeau ME, Kitchell BE. Can Vet J 2011;52:994-998. This retrospective study compared the efficacy of surgery alone versus surgery in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of canine thyroid carcinoma; potential prognostic factors were evaluated. Forty-four dogs with biopsy-confirmed thyroid … Read More

Bell P, Gao G, Haskins ME, et al. Hum Gene Ther 2011;22:985-997. Abstract This study evaluated six adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the liver-specific thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG) promoter made with novel capsids in canine … Read More

Taeymans O. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands In: Barr F,Gashen L, eds. Manual of Canine and Feline Ultrasonography. Gloucester, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2011;193-197.

Bojanic K, Acke E, Jones B.  N Z Vet J 2011;59:115-122. Congenital hypothyroidism is a rare and underdiagnosed congenital endocrine disorder in dogs and cats and the true incidence is unknown. The disorder may cause a range of clinical signs … Read More

Faisca P, Henriques J, Dias TM, et al. J Small Anim Pract 2011;52:266-270. A 10-year-old male German shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of a cranial cervical mass causing progressively worsening respiratory distress. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass was … Read More

Mooney C. N Z Vet J 2011;59:105-114. Hypothyroidism is recognised as an important endocrine disorder of dogs, and a frequent differential for numerous presenting complaints. Its diagnosis has never been straight forward as results suggestive of hypothyroidism can occur for … Read More

Graves TK. Topics in companion animal medicine 2011;26:45-51. Although veterinary clinicians commonly rely on panels of laboratory tests with individual results flagged when abnormal, care should be taken in interpreting normal test results as well. There are several examples of … Read More

O’Neill SH, Frank LA, Reynolds LM. Vet Dermatol 2011;22:202-205. It is not uncommon for a hypothyroid dog to be receiving concurrent corticosteroids. As hypothyroid dogs receiving thyroid supplement need periodic monitoring, knowledge of whether prednisone alters thyroid hormone concentrations would … Read More

Fracassi F, Tamborini A. Vet Rec 2011;168:329b.

Di Palma S, Lombard C, Kappeler A, et al. Vet Rec 2010;167:709-710.

Mathie RT, Baitson ES, Hansen L, et al. Homeopathy 2010;99:243-248. INTRODUCTION: The peer-review literature contains no controlled clinical research of homeopathy in cats and very little in dogs. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To collect clinical outcomes data systematically from individualised homeopathic treatment … Read More

Liles SR, Linder KE, Cain B, et al. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;51:447-452. The purpose of this study is to characterize the sonographic appearance of canine parathyroid glands using high-resolution ultrasonography. Ten cadaver dogs were studied after euthanasia for reasons not … Read More

Williams TL, Elliott J, Syme HM. in Conference Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2010;684. IH is reported to occur in some cats following treatment of hyper- thyroidism (HTH). Hypothyroidism reduces GFR in other species, therefore IH could contribute … Read More

Wakeling J. Can Vet J 2010;51:33-34. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement is routinely used for the diagnosis of thyroid disease in humans and dogs, but measurement of feline TSH is not routinely performed because a commercial feline TSH assay is … Read More

Ramsey IK. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010;40:269-283. Over the last 10 years, trilostane, a competitive inhibitor of steroid synthesis, is being widely used for the treatment of canine hyperadrenocorticism. Trilostane causes a significant but reversible decrease in … Read More

Hess RS. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010;40:309-316. In diabetic dogs, many concurrent diseases can cause resistance to exogenous insulin. The most common concurrent disorders in diabetic dogs are hyperadrenocorticism, urinary tract infection, acute pancreatitis, neoplasia, and hypothyroidism. … Read More

Rebhun RB, Thamm DH. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010;46:20-30. Despite the clinical recognition of multiple distinct types of neoplasia in individual dogs, a detailed description of such cases has not recently been published. Canine oncology cases that were diagnosed … Read More

Simpson AC, McCown JL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;235:1474-1479. Case Description-A 12-year-old 21.9-kg (48.48-lb) spayed female Alaskan Malamute with a long-term history of panting, polydypsia and polyuria, weight loss, hind limb weakness, and a decrease in appetite was evaluated … Read More

Gommeren K, van Hoek I, Lefebvre HP, et al. Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2009;23:844-849. BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased in humans with hypothyroidism, but information about kidney function in dogs … Read More

Kooistra HS, Galac S, Buijtels JJ, et al. Horm Res 2009;71 Suppl 1:144-147. BACKGROUND: Several endocrine disorders that affect humans also occur as endocrinopathies in companion animals. Spontaneous endocrine disorders in animals may provide valuable information for their counterparts in … Read More

Panciera DL, Lefebvre HP. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:1045. Background: Hypothyroidism affects renal function in a manner opposite the effects of hyperthyroidism. Objective: To evaluate the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and basal plasma creatinine … Read More

Walter R, Dunn ME, d’Anjou MA, et al.  J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1688-1693. CASE DESCRIPTION: A gallbladder mucocele was diagnosed in 2 dogs. In both dogs, the mucocele resolved with medical treatment but without the need for surgical intervention. … Read More

Le Traon G, Burgaud S, Horspool LJ. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008;31:95-101. Oral L-thyroxine (L-T4) supplementation is used to replace thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with hypothyroidism. The pharmacokinetics of L-T4 following administration of a solution (Leventa) was investigated in … Read More

van Hoek I, Daminet S, Notebaert S, et al. J Immunol Methods 2008;329:208-213. The presence of low molecular weight retinol binding protein (RBP) in urine reflects tubular damage. Therefore, RBP has been used as a renal marker in humans and … Read More

Gommersen K, Lefebvre HP, Brenchekroun G, et al.  in Scientific Proceedings. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-PROC 26TH ACVIM FORUM 2008;734. BACKGROUND:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased in humans with hypothyroidism, but information about kidney function in dogs with hypothyroidism … Read More

Ferguson DC, Caffall Z, Hoenig M. J Endocrinol 2007;194:267-273. The obese cat is a model for the study of the progression toward type 2 diabetes. In this study, the impact of obesity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was examined in 21 … Read More

Graham PA, Refsal KR, Nachreiner RF. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:617-631, v. The causes of canine hypothyroidism are varied, but most cases result from irreversible acquired thyroid pathologic changes and only a small proportion arise from congenital … Read More

Scott-Moncrieff JC. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:709-722, vi. Canine hypothyroidism may present with a wide range of clinical signs. The most common clinical signs are those of a decreased metabolic rate and dermatologic manifestations; however, many other … Read More

Syme HM. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:723-743, vi. In the simplest terms, hyperthyroidism is the clinical syndrome that results from an excess of thyroid hormones. This review considers the effects of hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular and renal … Read More

Schenck PA. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:693-708, vi. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of cats, and hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of dogs. Little is known regarding the effects of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or … Read More

Barber LG. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:755-773, vii. The clinical presentation and biologic behavior of thyroid tumors vary widely among dogs, cats, and human beings. Although thyroid tumors in dogs are rare, they are most likely to … Read More

Radlinsky MG. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:789-798, viii. Thyroid surgery is indicated for malignant and benign neoplasms or hyperplasia of the thyroid glands. A ventral midline cervical approach allows for bilateral thyroid exploration. Care should be taken … Read More

Ferguson DC. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:647-669, v. Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy in the dog. Rather than being a comprehensive review of all possible thyroid function tests, the focus in this article is on the … Read More

Feeney DA, Anderson KL. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007;37:799-821, viii. The indications, techniques, and expectations for radionuclide diagnostic studies on canine and feline thyroid glands are presented. In addition, the considerations surrounding radioiodine or external beam radiotherapy … Read More

Mayer MN, MacDonald VS. Can Vet J 2007;48:761-763.

Stassen QE, Voorhout G, Teske E, et al. J Small Anim Pract 2007;48:283-287. The elevated urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios of an 11-year-old Jack Russell terrier with polyuria were suppressible in a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, which was suggestive of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. … Read More

Anderson R, Mueller R, Reese S, et al. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017;29:278-286. Measurement of total thyroxine (T4) is the first testing step in the work-up of thyroid disease in small animals. We evaluated an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) as … Read More

Liptak JM. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2007;22:75-81. Malignant thyroid carcinomas are relatively common in dogs. The majority of tumors are unilateral and nonfunctional. Before deciding on treatment options, it is important to determine whether the tumor is freely moveable … Read More

Olson EE, Bulmer BJ, Heaney AM. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:332-335.

Tamura S, Tamura Y, Suzuoka N, et al.  J Small Anim Pract 2007;48:237-239. Two dogs, a 14-year-old, female American Eskimo dog and a 14-year-old, male Maltese dog, were presented with thalamic syndromes, including lowered levels of consciousness, poor postural responses … Read More

Itoh T, Kojimoto A, Nibe K, et al. J Vet Med Sci 2007;69:61-63. An 11-year-old male Golden Retriever presented with progressive weight loss, tachycardia, hyperthermia, polyuria and polydipsia. A freely movable mass, 4.5 x 4 cm in size, was palpated … Read More

Pettigrew R, Fyfe JC, Gregory BL, et al. Vet Pathol 2007;44:50-56. Arrested physical development and neurologic abnormalities were identified in 3 of 5 Rat Terrier puppies at 9 weeks of age. Bilaterally firm symmetrical masses were palpated in the region … Read More

Shiel RE, Acke E, Puggioni A, et al.  Ir Vet J 2007;60:88-93. : A nine-year-old male entire Labrador was diagnosed with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Following seven months of successful mitotane therapy, the dog presented with marked weight gain, seborrhoea and … Read More

Behrend EN. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006;36:1087-1105, vii. Drug therapy for the endocrine system is implemented to replace a hormone deficiency or to prevent or reduce the formation or effects of excess hormone. Treatment of endocrine disorders … Read More

Turrel JM, McEntee MC, Burke BP, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:542-548. OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for dogs with nonresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with sodium iodide I 131 and identify factors associated with outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. … Read More

PETER J. BROFMAN, DONALD E. THRALL. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2006;47:334-338. Eight months before admission to Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas (VSH), the patient had been seen by another veterinarian for a 4-day history of acute diso- rientation and … Read More

Skopek E, Patzl M, Nachreiner RF. American journal of veterinary research 2006;67:809-814. OBJECTIVE: To establish a sensitive test for the detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in canine serum samples. SAMPLE POPULATION: 365 serum samples from dogs with hypothyroidism … Read More

Greco DS. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006;36:549-556, vi. Endocrine and metabolic disorders affecting puppies and kittens from birth until 6 months of age may manifest as clinical problems related to growth or to water metabolism (polydipsia and … Read More

Kemppainen RJ, Birchfield JR.  Am J Vet Res 2006;67:259-265. OBJECTIVE: To compare results obtained from assay of total thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum of dogs and cats by use of 4 methods. SAMPLE POPULATION: Serum samples obtained from 98 dogs … Read More

Greco DS. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006;21:40-44. Whereas hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in the cat, hypothyroidism is the least common feline endocrine disorder. This is a the result of several factors including low index of suspicion, … Read More

Choi EW, Shin IS, Bhang DH, et al.  Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2006;146:101-108. To elucidate the hormonal change and alteration in cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during the early stage of autoimmune thyroiditis, we have developed a … Read More

Ward CR. in YES. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2006;456-458. Thyroid storm is a syndrome described in human medicine to define a multi systemic disorder resulting from organ exposure to excessive levels of thyroid hormone.  This form of acute thyrotoxicosis … Read More

Sander DM, Wolfsheimer K, Gallaher WR, et al.  Microsc Res Tech 2005;68:235-238. The thyroid gland is afflicted in several endocrine, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. Previous studies detected immunoreactivity against proteins of a human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle type-I (HIAP-I) in … Read More

Garosi L, McConnell JF, Platt SR, et al. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005;19:725-731. Medical records of 33 dogs presented for acute onset, nonprogressive, intracranial dysfunction that had a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain infarction were reviewed. Postmortem confirmation … Read More

Bromel C, Pollard RE, Kass PH, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:499-506. Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid gland was performed in healthy, hypothyroid, and euthyroid Golden Retriever dogs with nonthyroidal illness (NTI) to determine the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound … Read More

Reese S, Breyer U, Deeg C, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:491-498. The diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism and its differentiation from euthyroid sick syndrome still is a major diagnostic challenge. In this study, ultrasonography was shown to be an … Read More

Meeking SA. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005;35:635-653. Thyroid disorders are common in older pets. They often present a diagnostic challenge, and reaching a definitive diagnosis can be difficult or impossible in some cases. It is important for … Read More

Worth AJ, Zuber RM, Hocking M. Aust Vet J 2005;83:208-214. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment (131I) for canine thyroid carcinoma, as both the sole therapeutic modality and as an adjunct to surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of … Read More

Taeymans O, Duchateau L, Schreurs E, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 2005;46:139-142. The repeatability of ultrasonographic measurements of the canine thyroid gland was evaluated. The variability of three different parameters (the maximal length, width, and height) within observer, between … Read More

Grubor B, Haynes JS Vet Pathol 2005;42:84-87. An adult male mixed breed dog developed pain, on swallowing, that lasted for 1 week. Physical exam and radiographs revealed a subcutaneous mass in the cervical area and three metastatic nodules in the … Read More

Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Davis RR, et al. in Scientific Proceedings (Abstract). American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005. One out of every three hundred cats is now diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. A diagnostic tool that can sensitively detect changes in … Read More

Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Hoenig M, et al. in Scientific Proceedings (Abstract). American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of elderly cats. However, its early diagnosis and studies of risk factors have been hampered by … Read More

Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Hypothyroidism In: Feldman EC,Nelson RW, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. Ph

Moore K. in Scientific Proceedings (Abstract). BSAVA Congress 2004 2004;521. Hyperthyroidism can be difficult to diagnose in cats with renal disease since the total thyroxine (tT4) concentration is frequently within the laboratory reference range. This study investigated whether the measurement … Read More

Panciera D. Vet Med 2004;99:154-168. Once a diagnosis of neoplasia of the thyroid gland is suspected or confirmed, a variety of treatments are available for dogs and cats. In this article, we first review the available therapeutic options for thyroid … Read More

Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Feline Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) In: Feldman EC,Nelson RW, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2004/09;152-218.

Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine Thyroid Tumors and Hyperthyrodism In: Feldman EC,Nelson RW, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2004/09;219-250.

Przezdziecki R, Sapierzynski R. Pol J Vet Sci 2014;17:149-159. The presence of tumor within the serosal cavities, often connected with accumulation of serosal effusion, is a quite common problem in the small animal veterinary medicine. The first step in diagnosis … Read More

Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Hypocalcemia and Primary Hypoparathyroidism In: Feldman EC,Nelson RW, eds. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2004/09;716-742.

Peterson ME, DeMarco CL, Sheldon KM. in Scientific Proceedings (Abstract). American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2003;396. Endocrine testing of dogs and cats is commonplace in clinical practice. Feline hyperthyroidism and canine hypothyroidism comprise the most frequently encountered endocrinopathies for … Read More

Patzl M, Mostl E Journal of veterinary medicine A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine 2003;50:72-78. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the determination of autoanti-bodies (AA) to thyroid antigens in canine serum were developed. Streptavidin (SA) was immobilized as capture molecule on microtitreplates … Read More

Fyfe JC, Kampschmidt K, Dang V, et al. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:50-57. Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter was observed to segregate as a simple autosomal recessive trait in Toy Fox Terriers (TFTs). Neonatal affected pups exhibited inactivity, abnormal hair coat, … Read More

Williamson NL, Frank LA, Hnilica KA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:802-806. OBJECTIVE: To determine how rapidly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole affects serum total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in euthyroid dogs and how quickly hormone concentrations return to reference values … Read More

Lurye JC, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:243-249. OBJECTIVE: To compare serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations obtained with an in-house ELISA and a validated radioimmunoassay (RIA). DESIGN: Laboratory trial. SAMPLE POPULATION: 50 canine and 50 feline … Read More

Nachreiner RF, Refsal KR, Graham PA, et al. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2002;220:466-471. OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in serum of dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism. DESIGN: Cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 287,948 … Read More

Nguyen LQ, Arseven OK, Gerber H, et al. Endocrinology 2002;143:395-402.` Cats are the only nonhuman mammalian species with a high incidence of hyperthyroidism, and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism is of clinical relevance for veterinary medicine. … Read More

Panciera DL.  J Vet Intern Med 2001;15:86-88.  

Blackwood L, Onions DE, Argyle DJ. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001;20:185-201. The feline thyroglobulin promoter was identified by a combination of standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, using primers designed according to regions of homology in published sequences from other species, … Read More

Greco DS. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001;31:401-409, viii. Endocrine and metabolic disorders affecting puppies and kittens from birth until 6 months of age may manifest as clinical problems related to growth, water metabolism (polydipsia or polyuria), or … Read More

Brearley MJ. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:466-467.

Theon AP, Marks SL, Feldman ES, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:1775-1779. OBJECTIVE: To determine quality and duration of progression-free survival (PFS) time in dogs with unresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with definitive megavoltage irradiation and analyze prognostic factors … Read More

Dixon RM, Reid SW, Mooney CT. The Veterinary record 1999;145:481-487. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 50 dogs and excluded in 86 dogs suspected of hypothyroidism, on the basis of the results of bovine thyrotropin response tests. Breed, pedigree, sex or neutering … Read More

Fineman LS, Hamilton TA, de Gortari A, et al. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998;34:109-112. The medical records of 13 dogs (10 spayed females, one intact male, one castrated male, and one dog of unknown gender) with histopathologically diagnosed thyroid … Read More

Pearce SH, Foster DJ, Imrie H, et al. Thyroid 1997;7:923-927. The characterization of a spontaneous animal model equivalent to a human form of thyrotoxicosis would provide a useful resource for the investigation of the human disorder. Feline thyrotoxicosis is the … Read More

Merchant SR, Taboada J. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1997;27:1285-1303. This article focuses on common adrenal and thyroid diseases in the geriatric patient consisting of hypothyroidism in the dog, hyperthyroidism in the cat, and hyperadrenocorticism in the dog … Read More

Singh AK, Jiang Y, White T, et al. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997;9:261-268. The performances of a radioimmunoassay method, a chemiluminescent immunoassay method, and a chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay method were evaluated for the analysis of cortisol and total thyroxine in blood … Read More

Adams WH, Daniel GB, Petersen MG, et al. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997;38:323-328. This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) … Read More

Benjamin SA, Saunders WJ, Lee AC, et al. Radiat Res 1997;147:422-430. To evaluate the lifetime hazards of exposure to ionizing radiation, 1,680 beagles received whole-body exposures to 60Co gamma rays or sham exposures during development. Eight groups of 120 dogs … Read More

Deeg C, Kaspers A, Hartmann K, 2nd, et al. Tierarztliche Praxis 1997;25:170-173. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established to detect autoantibodies in canine patients with hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin, purified from thyroid glands of euthanized, healthy dogs, was used as antigen. Utilizing … Read More

Constantino-Casas P, Rodriguez-Martinez HA, Gutierrez Diaz-Ceballos ME. Br Vet J 1996;152:669-672. Neoplasms of the canine thyroid gland represent 5-10% of heart base masses (Capen, 1978). Ectopic thyroid tissue is detected most commonly in the thorax, with 23-80% of all dogs … Read More

Reimann N, Nolte I, Bonk U, et al.  Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1996;90:154-156. A canine thyroid adenoma showing trisomy 18 as the sole clonal cytogenetic abnormality (9 of 30 analyzed metaphases) is reported. Because trisomies are a recurrent cytogenetic finding in … Read More

Carver JR, Kapatkin A, Patnaik AK. Vet Surg 1995;24:315-319. The medical records of 38 dogs with thyroid neoplasia that were treated by surgical excision of the tumor, or had an incisional biopsy performed as a diagnostic procedure, were reviewed. Of … Read More

Klein MK, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206:1007-1009. Of 82 dogs with thyroid carcinoma seen between January 1981 and October 1989, 20 had freely movable tumors without evidence of metastasis and were treated with … Read More

Adams WH, Walker MA, Daniel GB, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1995;36:417-424. Seven dogs with thyroid gland carcinoma were treated with 131I and hormone suppressive therapy either alone (3 dogs) or in combination with surgery (3 dogs) or 137Cs … Read More

Adams WH, Walker MA, Daniel GB, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1995;36:417-424. Seven dogs with thyroid gland carcinoma were treated with 131I and hormone suppressive therapy either alone (3 dogs) or in combination with surgery (3 dogs) or 137Cs … Read More

Devilee P, Van Leeuwen IS, Voesten A, et al. Anticancer Res 1994;14:2039-2046. In many different types of tumors in man and mouse, p53 is the tumor suppressor gene most frequently affected by a combination of somatic mutation and loss of … Read More

Greco DS, Harpold LM. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:765-782. In conclusion, interaction between the immune and endocrine systems is highly complex. Generally, abnormalities of T suppressor cells, a result of HLA antigen genetic abnormalities, result in autoimmunity … Read More

Flanders JA. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:607-621. The surgical treatment of thyroid cancer in the cat involves excision of one or both thyroid glands while sparing at least one parathyroid gland. The most common postoperative complication of … Read More

Scarlett JM. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:477-486. Data regarding the epidemiology of the thyroid diseases in companion animals are sparse. Published studies providing information regarding the epidemiology of canine hypothyroidism and thyroid neoplasia and feline hyperthyroidism are … Read More

Kienle RD, Bruyette D, Pion PD. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:495-507. Thyroid disease is common in veterinary practice. The heart, especially the myocardium, is sensitive to thyroid hormone, and deficiencies or excesses can alter cardiovascular function. Observed … Read More

Ferguson DC. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:515-539. Until a clinically useful canine TSH assay is available, a valid test of thyroid hypofunction should (1) take into consideration valid (or at least predictive) measurement of the free T4 … Read More

Kaptein EM, Hays MT, Ferguson DC. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:431-466. Knowledge of thyroid hormone and iodide metabolism is derived from a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies in a variety of mammalian species including … Read More

Johnson CA. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:509-514. Thyroid function and reproductive function have many interactions, the scope and mechanism of which are not fully understood. These functions are of greatest clinical importance for veterinarians working with breeders … Read More

Kintzer PP, Peterson ME. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:587-605. Nuclear medicine may have both diagnostic and therapeutic utility during the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. This article will focus on the use of radionuclide scintigraphy and … Read More

Jaggy A, Oliver JE. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:487-494. Animals with polyneuropathy associated with primary hypothyroidism have clinical neurologic signs that range from peripheral vestibular signs, lower motor neuronal deficits, laryngeal paralysis, to megaesophagus; however, a few … Read More

Panciera DL. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1994;204:761-767. Sixty-six dogs with hypothyroidism were identified from dogs examined over a 5-year period. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed only if the dog had a low, resting serum thyroxine concentration and serum thyroxine … Read More

Tang KN, Mansell JL, Herron AJ, et al. Vet Pathol 1994;31:269-271.

Kramer RW, Price GS, Spodnick GJ. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1994;35:132-136. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a dog which had undergone unilateral thyroid lobectomy and external beam irradiation (48 Gy in 3 Gy fractions) for a functional cystic thyroid adenocarcinoma. Hypothyroidism … Read More

Marks SL, Koblik PD, Hornof WJ, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204:756-760. Thyroid gland scintigraphy was performed in 29 dogs with histologically confirmed thyroid tumors. Twenty dogs were female, and 9 were male. Median age was 10 years. … Read More

Perl S, Harmelin A, Zadikov I, et al. Isr J Vet Med 1994;49:121-122.

Wisner ER, Nyland TG, Mattoon JS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1994;35:310-318. The ultrasonographic appearance of clinically undifferentiated neck masses for which a definitive diagnosis was eventually obtained in nineteen dogs and one cat is presented in this report. Multiple lesions … Read More

Sullivan P, Gompf R, Schmeitzel L, et al. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:2004-2009. Changes in platelet indices (platelet count and platelet size) and PCV associated with thyroid disease were studied in 7 dogs with hypothyroidism and 21 cats with hyperthyroidism … Read More

Finco DR, Brown SA, Ferguson DC, et al. Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire 1993;57:288-292. Selective parathyroidectomy (PTX) is preferred to thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) when specific effects of parathyroid hormone depletion are being studied. However, because … Read More

Hall IA, Campbell KL, Chambers MD, et al. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1993;202:1959-1962. The effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/SMX, 30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 6 weeks) on thyroid function was evaluated in 21 dogs with pyoderma … Read More

Broome MR, Donner GS. Vet Rad & Ultrasound 1993;34:118-124. This report describes the use of 99mtechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4−) and 131[for imaging of a metastatic thyroid carcinoma in a dog. The 131] imaging showed metastatic lesions undetected by the 99mTcO4− imaging … Read More

Gaschen F, Thompson J, Beale K, et al. American journal of veterinary research 1993;54:244-247. Serum triiodothyronine autoantibody (T3 AA), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were determined in 45 canine sera containing substantial amounts of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (Tg AA); sera … Read More

Mooney CT, Anderson TJ. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1993;34:31-35. Congenital central hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a one-year-old boxer dog. The dog was presented for investigation of lameness, lethargy and obesity. Survey skeletal radiographs revealed delayed bone maturation and epiphyseal … Read More

Thacker EL, Refsal KR, Bull RW. American journal of veterinary research 1992;53:449-453. Assays were developed to detect and measure autoantibodies (AA) to thyroglobulin (Tg) and to the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). An ELISA to detect AA to … Read More

Eckersall PD, McEwan NA, Mooney C Vet Rec 1991;129:532-533.

Leblanc B, Parodi AL, Lagadic M, et al. Vet Pathol 1991;28:370-380. Immunocytochemical studies using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with commercial antibodies against thyroglobulin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), somatostatin, and neurotensin were performed on 38 Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded … Read More

Verschueren CP, Rutteman GR, Kuipers-Dijkshoorn NJ, et al. Anticancer Res 1991;11:1755-1761. DNA ploidy was measured by flow cytometry in 36 primary malignant thyroid neoplasms (including 6 bilateral tumours which were considered as separate neoplasms) from 30 dogs. In addition, DNA … Read More

Verschueren CP, Selman PJ, Mol JA, et al. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991;125:291-298. Circulating thyroglobulin was measured in 20 dogs with thyroid cancer, using a homologous polyclonal radioimmunoassay. Plasma Tg levels exceeded the normal range in 14 (70%) dogs, and ranged … Read More

Birchard SJ. Probl Vet Med 1991;3:277-289. Thyroidectomy has become a fairly common surgical procedure in small animals because of the increasing incidence of thyroid tumors. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland can be routine or quite challenging, depending on the … Read More

Patnaik AK, Lieberman PH. Vet Pathol 1991;28:223-233 The gross, histomorphologic, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical findings in 16 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated. Grossly, the neoplasms were encapsulated, firm, lobulated, and grey-white to tan. The typical histologic pattern was groups … Read More

Tanase H, Kudo K, Horikoshi H, et al. J Endocrinol 1991;129:245-251. Mutant cats were developed with non-goitrous primary hypothyroidism. They were clinically characterized by severely retarded growth, mild anaemia and high mortality in the young. They responded markedly to thyroid … Read More

Mayr B, Schleger W, Loupal G, et al. Res Vet Sci 1991;50:298-300. A 14-year-old German shepherd dog developed an alveolar adenoma of the thyroid. The cytogenetic evaluation of the tumour cells showed two ranges of chromosome numbers. Centric fusions 2/32, … Read More

Kintzer PP, Peterson ME. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1991;6:131-139.

Bentley JF, Simpson ST, Hathcock JT, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;197:1498-1500. A metastatic thyroid solid-follicular carcinoma in the cervical portion of the spine was responsible for severe tetraparesis in a dog. Myelography revealed an extradural compressive lesion … Read More

Beale KM, Halliwell RE, Chen CL. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1990;196:745-748. Antithyroglobulin antibody (ATA) values were higher in dogs with low total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) values than in dogs with T3 and T4 values … Read More

Kern TJ, Aromando MC, Erb HN. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:369-373. The medical records of 74 dogs and 26 cats with Horner’s syndrome (HS) that were admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine between January 1975 … Read More

Christopher MM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;194:1089-1095. Disease diagnosis, age, sex, and selected hematologic variables were evaluated retrospectively in a population of feline patients with high number of circulating Heinz bodies. By comparing these cats with a control population … Read More

Koper S.  Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1988;29:57-59. The causes of lameness in dogs were analyzed on the basis of radiologic examinations performed in the years 198020131985. From 1982, there was an increase in the frequency of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism and … Read More

Sullivan M, Cox F, Pead MJ, et al. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1987;28:505-512. The clinical, radiological and histopathological features of 30 thyroid tumours in the dog are described. Ten tumours were considered suitable for surgical removal and in a … Read More

Harari J, Patterson JS, Rosenthal RC. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:1160-1164. Thyroid tumors were diagnosed in 26 dogs between 1977 and 1984. A total of 23 of the 26 tumors were carcinomas, and 3, detected as incidental findings at … Read More

Evans MG, Lana DP, McMichael TL. J Comp Pathol 1986;96:237-240. A 12-year-old neutered male Husky dog had a neoplasm at the base of the heart which did not invade surrounding tissues. Microscopically, the neoplasm was composed of nests and sheets … Read More

MJ D. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986;22:839–841.

Meier H, Clark ST. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 1958;5:120-128. Zusammenfassung Das klinisch-pathologische Bild von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen bei Hund und KatzeTeil II: Klinische Erscheinungen * 1Bei der klinischen Diagnose ist wegen ihrer Häufigkeit stets auch auf Schilddrüsenerkrankungen zu achten; negative Palpationsbefunde sind weit … Read More

Lothrop CD, Jr., Tamas PM, Fadok VA. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:2310-2313. A canine and feline pituitary-thyroid function test based on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation of endogenous thyrotropin is described. Serum thyroxine is measured before and after stimulation with TRH. … Read More

Peterson ME, Birchard SJ, Mehlhaff CJ. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1984;14:911-925.

Walsh KM, Diters RW. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association 1984;20:665-668. The differential diagnoses for heart base mass include aortic body chemodectoma, ectopic thyroid tumor, ectopic parathyroid tumor, mesothelioma, cardiac myxoma, and lymphadenopathy. The inci- dence of ectopic thyroid neoplasms … Read More

Lewis GT, Blanchard GL, Trapp AL, et al. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association 1984;20:805-812. External ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of extraocular muscles) and internal ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of intraocular muscles) may occur as isolated or concomitant lesions of one or both eyes.10’13’24’34 … Read More

JR H, RR K, FF H.  J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:319-324.

Beck-Peccoz P, Romelli PB, Faglia G. J Endocrinol Invest 1983;6:333-340. Two clinically euthyroid patients were noted to have low total T3 levels as assessed by RIA using either dextran-charcoal (DC) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) for separation of bound from unbound … Read More

Peterson ME. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;181:1434-1436.

Birchard SJ, Roesel OF. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association 1981;17:369-372.

O’Brien SE, Riley JH, Hagemoser WA. Vet Rec 1980;107:199-200. An aged cat with a thyroid neoplasm showed clinical signs and had laboratory data and post mortem findings similar to those observed in human and canine patients afflicted with hyperthyroidism. Because … Read More

Thompson EJ, Stirtzinger T, Lumsden JH, et al. Can Vet J 1980;21:186-188. In 11 dogs with thyroid carcinomas there was a good correlation between cytological results of fine needle aspiration biopsy and histological findings. The only difficulty with the aspiration … Read More

Mitchell M, Hurov LI, Troy GC. Veterinary Surgery 1979;8:112-118. Tumor characteristics and degree of metastatic disease are outlined for 15 cases of canine thyroid carcinoma based on physical, laboratory, and radiographic examinations. Results of thyroid scintiscans using sodium pertechnetate are … Read More

Hullinger R. Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. 2 ed, 1979;602-629.

Patnaik AK, Lieberman PH, Erlandson RA, et al. Vet Pathol 1978;15:590-599. An 8-year-old male Irish Terrior dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. The first dog was hypocalcemic before removal and with recurrence of … Read More

Zarrin K.  Vet Pathol 1977;14:556-566. Seven cases of parafollicular cell carcinoma in dogs were seen. The diagnosis was based on histological and ultrastructural similarities between neoplastic and normal parafollicular cells. Amyloid was not detected in any of the neoplasms by … Read More

Meyer DJ. Vet Clin North Am 1977;7:433-441.

Leav I, Schiller AL, Rijnberk A, et al.  Am J Pathol 1976;83:61-122. NEOPLASMIS OF THE HUMNAN- THYROID are a well-studied clinical and pathologic entity. Numerous publications have dealt with their histologic classification and biology. Comparable data concerning thyroid neoplasms in … Read More

Hayes HM, Jr., Fraumeni JF, Jr. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;55:931-934. A retrospective study of medical records from twelve veterinary university hospitals-clinics yielded 144 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid neoplasm (25 adenomas and 119 carcinomas). Forty-five of … Read More

Kirk GR, Breazile JE, Kenny AD. Am J Vet Res 1974;35:407-408.

Mason R, Wilkinson JS. Aust Vet J 1973;49:44-49. Diseases of the thyroid have been known for many thousands of years, having been recorded by the Ancient Chinese, and epidemic goitre still affects an estimated 200 million people. Most of the notorious … Read More

Welsch U. Ergeb Anat Entwicklungsgesch 1972;46:7-52.

Rijnberk A. Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Disease in the Dog: University of Utrecht, 1971;135 pages.

Bustad LK, Fuller JM. Lab Anim Care 1970;20:561-581.

Hightower D, Feldman RG, Chester DK, et al. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970;156:734-740.

Waron M, Rich C. Endocrinology 1969;85:1018-1027.

Foreman RE, Boecker BB. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969;131:980-985.

Brodey RS, Kelly DF. Cancer 1968;22:406-416. The paper summarizes the features of adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid gland in dogs. Only the Boxer breed was significantly over-represented. No sex incidence was apparent. The average age was 10 years in … Read More

Sugiyama S. Kaibogaku Zasshi 1966;41:141-142.

Alexander RL, Jr. Endocrinology 1965;77:985-990.

Goldsmith RE, Wulsin J, Wiester MJ. Endocrinology 1965;76:9-19.

Bair WJ, Snyder MD, Walters RA, et al. HW SA US At Energy Comm 1964;18:64-66.

Reid CF, Pensinger RR, Ferrigan LW, et al. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 1963;4:36-40.

Godwin MC. The Anatomical Record 1936;66:233-251. The early development of the thyroid gland in the dog is of especial interest because of the precocious appearance of branching cell cords from the thyroid plate. This peculiar mode of development leads naturally … Read More